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Scale-up Transition from small-scale production to
production of large industrial quantities.
Selective medium Nutrient material constituted such
that it will support the growth of specific organisms
while inhibiting the growth of others.
Sepsis The presence in the blood or other tissues of
pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins; the
condition associated with such presence.
Sequencing Decoding a strand of DNA or gene into the
specific order of its nucleotides: adenine, cytosine,
guanine and thymine. This analysis can be done
manually or with automated equipment. Sequencing a
gene requires analyzing an average of 40,000 nucleotides.
Serology Study of blood serum and reactions between the
antibodies and antigens therein.
Single-cell protein Cells or protein extracts from
microorganisms, grown in large quantities for use as
protein supplements.
Somatic cells Cells other than sex or germ cells.
Somatic cell gene therapy Somatic cell gene therapy
involves the insertion of genes into cells for
therapeutic purposes; for example, to induce the
treated cells to produce a protein that the body
is missing. It does not affect genetic makeup of a
patient's offspring and generally does not change all,
or even most, cells in the recipient. Somatic cell gene
therapy is only one way of applying the science of
genomics to improve health care.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer The transfer of a nucleus
from a fully differentiated cell into an egg that has had
its nucleus removed.
Splicing The removal of introns and joining of exons to
form a continuous coding sequence in RNA.
Stop codon One of three codons in messenger RNA that
signal the end of the amino acid chain in protein
synthesis.
Structural gene A gene that codes for a protein, such as
an enzyme.
Substrate Material acted on by an enzyme.
Suicide gene A gene that codes for an antibiotic that can
kill the host bacterial cell. It is genetically modified
into the bacterium along with a molecular switch that
is controlled by a nutrient in the environment. When
the nutrient disappears, the suicide gene is switched
on and the bacterium dies.
Suppressor gene A gene that can reverse the effect of a
mutation in other genes.
Systems biology A hypothesis-driven field of research that
creates predictive mathematical models of complex
biological processes or organ systems.
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