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Technology transfer The process of transferring
discoveries made by basic research institutions,
such as universities and government laboratories, to
the commercial sector for development into useful
products and services.
Template A molecule that serves as the pattern for
synthesizing another molecule.
Terminator Sequence of DNA bases that tells the RNA
polymerase to stop synthesizing RNA.
Tertiary structure The total three-dimensional shape of a
protein that is essential to protein function.
Therapeutics Compounds that are used to treat specific
diseases or medical conditions.
Thymus A lymphoid organ in the lower neck, the proper
functioning of which in early life is necessary for
development of the immune system.
Tissue culture In vitro growth in nutrient medium of
cells isolated from tissue.
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) A protein produced
in small amounts in the body that aids in dissolving
blood clots.
T lymphocytes (T-cells) White blood cells that are
produced in the bone marrow but mature in the
thymus. They are important in the body’s defense
against certain bacteria and fungi, help B lymphocytes
make antibodies and help in the recognition and
rejection of foreign tissues. T lymphocytes may also be
important in the body's defense against cancers.
Toxin A poisonous substance produced by certain
microorganisms or plants.
Transcription Synthesis of messenger (or any other) RNA
on a DNA template.
Transdifferentiation The process whereby a specialized
cell de-differentiates and re-differentiates into a
different cell type; or the process whereby an adult
stem cell from a specific tissue type becomes a cell
type from a very different tissue (for example a nerve
stem cell differentiates into a kidney cell).
Transduction Transfer of genetic material from one cell
to another by means of a virus or phage vector.
Transfection Infection of a cell with nucleic acid from a
virus, resulting in replication of the complete virus.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) RNA molecules that carry amino
acids to sites on ribosomes where proteins are
synthesized.
Transformation Change in the genetic structure of an
organism by the incorporation of foreign DNA.
Transgenic organism An organism formed by the
insertion of foreign genetic material into the germ
line cells of organisms. Recombinant DNA techniques
are commonly used to produce transgenic organisms.
Translation Process by which the information on
a messenger RNA molecule is used to direct the
synthesis of a protein.
Transposon A segment of DNA that can move around
and be inserted at several sites in bacterial DNA or in a
phage, thus alerting the host's DNA.
Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) Rare proteins of the
immune system that appear to destroy some types of
tumor cells without affecting healthy cells.
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